Chapter 2

2.1

2.1.1 Definition of Literature Review

A literature review is a comprehensive survey of scholarly sources on a specific topic. It is a critical and in-depth evaluation of previous research. It is a summary, classification, comparison, and evaluation of these sources, which allows the researcher to establish the current state of knowledge on a particular topic.

The purpose of a literature review is to provide a review of writings on the given topic and to provide the reader with a comprehensive guide to the essential literature on the subject. It helps to describe, summarize, evaluate, clarify and/or integrate the content of primary reports.

In the context of a research paper or thesis, the literature review is a critical synthesis of previous research. The evaluation of the literature leads logically to the research question. A ‘good’ literature review is a synthesis of available research which arises from the analysis to provide a new perspective on an old issue or point the way to new research.

A literature review serves many important purposes, including establishing the need for research; broadening the knowledge base; increasing understanding on the topic; and contextualizing the findings of a study in relation to previous findings. It provides a description, summary and critical evaluation of each work, in addition to providing a synthesis of new conclusions drawn from correlating the research findings.

The literature review is not simply a list, but a complex synthesis that brings together and integrates the previous research and identifies what is known and what is not known in the area. It is not just a descriptive list of the material available or a set of summaries. A good literature review includes a clear categorization scheme; integration of the literature into themes or categories; your own interpretation of the significance of the cited references; and conclusions drawn from the literature.

In conclusion, a literature review is more than a mere literature survey. It goes well beyond merely summarizing professional literature. It focuses on a specific topic of interest to you and includes a critical analysis of the relationship among different works, and relating this research to your work.

2.1.2 Importance of Literature Review in Comparative Literature Studies

In the field of Comparative Literature, a literature review plays a pivotal role in shaping the research. It is a tool that allows researchers to understand the breadth and depth of the existing knowledge on the topic of interest. It helps to identify the key themes, theories, methods, and gaps in the existing literature, thereby providing a roadmap for the research.

A literature review in Comparative Literature studies serves several purposes. Firstly, it helps to identify the key authors, works, and theories in the field. This is crucial as it provides the researcher with a comprehensive understanding of the field and helps to situate their research within the broader academic discourse.

Secondly, a literature review helps to identify the key debates and discussions in the field. This includes understanding the different perspectives, arguments, and counterarguments on a particular topic. This is particularly important in Comparative Literature, where the interpretation and analysis of literary texts can vary significantly based on the theoretical framework used.

Thirdly, a literature review helps to identify the gaps in the existing literature. This includes areas that have been under-researched or overlooked by previous studies. Identifying these gaps is crucial as it helps to justify the need for the research and provides a clear direction for the study.

Lastly, a literature review in Comparative Literature studies helps to establish the theoretical framework for the research. By reviewing the existing literature, the researcher can identify the most appropriate theories and methods for their study. This is crucial as it provides a solid foundation for the research and helps to ensure that the study is grounded in existing academic discourse.

In the context of this study, the literature review will focus on the comparative study of Middle Age French Literature and Modern English Literature. It will review the existing literature on these two periods, identify the key themes and debates, and highlight the gaps in the existing research. This will provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge on the topic and help to shape the direction of the research.

2.1.3 Middle Age French Literature and Modern English Literature

Middle Age French Literature and Modern English Literature are two significant periods in the history of literature that have contributed immensely to the development of world literature.

Middle Age French Literature, also known as Medieval French Literature, spans the period from the 9th to the 15th century. This period is characterized by a rich and diverse body of works, including epic poems, romances, and troubadour songs. The literature of this period reflects the social, political, and cultural changes of the time, with themes ranging from chivalry and courtly love to religious devotion and moral instruction. Some of the notable authors of this period include Chrétien de Troyes, Marie de France, and François Villon.

On the other hand, Modern English Literature began in the late 15th century and extends to the present day. This period is marked by a shift from the religious and social themes of the Middle Ages to a more individualistic and secular focus. The literature of this period is characterized by its exploration of new forms and themes, reflecting the social, political, and cultural changes of the time. Some of the notable authors of this period include William Shakespeare, Jane Austen, Charles Dickens, and Virginia Woolf.

The comparative study of Middle Age French Literature and Modern English Literature provides valuable insights into the evolution of literary styles, themes, and narrative structures. Despite the temporal and cultural differences, these two periods share common themes such as love, honor, and morality, and exhibit similar narrative structures and stylistic elements. The influence of Middle Age French Literature on Modern English Literature is evident in the shared themes, narrative structures, and stylistic elements.

In the context of this study, we will explore the comparative study of Middle Age French Literature and Modern English Literature, focusing on the key works and authors of these periods, their themes, styles, and narrative structures, and their influence on each other. This will provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge on the topic and help to shape the direction of the research.

2.1.4 Literary Influence and Intertextuality

Literary influence and intertextuality are two fundamental concepts in the field of Comparative Literature. They provide a framework for understanding how texts interact with each other and how they shape and are shaped by the cultural, historical, and literary contexts in which they are produced and received.

Literary influence refers to the impact that one literary work or author has on subsequent works or authors. It involves the transmission of themes, styles, forms, and ideas from one text to another, often across different periods and cultures. Literary influence can be direct, as when an author consciously draws on the work of a predecessor, or indirect, as when a text reflects the influence of broader literary trends or traditions.

Intertextuality, a term coined by Julia Kristeva, refers to the complex network of relationships that exist between texts. It suggests that every text is, in some way, a ‘mosaic of quotations’, and that it is through the dialogue with other texts that a text gains meaning. Intertextuality can take many forms, including quotation, allusion, parody, and pastiche, and it can operate at various levels, from explicit references to subtle stylistic echoes.

In the context of this study, the concepts of literary influence and intertextuality will be used to explore the connections between Middle Age French Literature and Modern English Literature. The existing literature reveals a significant influence of Middle Age French Literature on Modern English Literature, evident in the shared themes, narrative structures, and stylistic elements. For instance, the study “The Motif of the Patient Wife in Muslim and Western Literature and Folklore” by Monia Mounira Hejaiej explores the motif of the patient wife across different cultures and periods, including Middle Age French Literature and Modern English Literature, highlighting the intertextual connections between these texts.

Moreover, the study “Pictures Worth a Thousand Words: Metaphorical Images of Textual Interdependence” by Carmen Lara-Rallo discusses the concept of intertextuality and its manifestation in various literary works, providing a theoretical framework for understanding the intertextual relationships between Middle Age French Literature and Modern English Literature.

In the subsequent sections, we will delve deeper into these intertextual connections, exploring how Middle Age French Literature has influenced Modern English Literature and how these influences have shaped the development of literary styles, themes, and narrative structures in Modern English Literature.

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2.1.5 Comparative Literature: Middle Age French Literature and Modern English Literature

The comparative study of Middle Age French Literature and Modern English Literature provides a unique lens through which we can understand the evolution of literary styles, themes, and narrative structures. By comparing and contrasting the works from these two periods, we can gain insights into how literature has evolved and how different cultures and periods have influenced each other.

One of the key findings from the literature is the significant influence of Middle Age French Literature on Modern English Literature. This influence is evident in the shared themes, narrative structures, and stylistic elements. For instance, the study “The Concise Cambridge History of English Literature” by G. Sampson provides a comprehensive overview of English literature, highlighting the influence of Middle Age French Literature on the development of Modern English Literature.

Moreover, the study “Comparative Literature in an Age of ‘Globalization'” by Lois Parkinson Zamora discusses the impact of globalization on comparative literature studies. It highlights how contemporary Latin American writers, for instance, evaluate the forces of globalization in their fiction, which can be extrapolated to the comparative study of Middle Age French Literature and Modern English Literature.

Furthermore, the study “Atypical forms of diabetes mellitus in Africans and other non-European ethnic populations in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic literature review” by C. Bavuma et al. provides an example of how comparative studies can reveal unique insights. Although this study focuses on medical literature, the comparative approach used can be applied to the study of literature as well, highlighting the value of comparative literature studies in revealing unique insights and perspectives.

In conclusion, the comparative study of Middle Age French Literature and Modern English Literature provides valuable insights into the evolution of literary styles, themes, and narrative structures. It highlights the significant influence of Middle Age French Literature on Modern English Literature and underscores the value of comparative literature studies in enhancing our understanding of literature.

2.1.6 Gaps in the Literature on Middle Age French Literature and Modern English Literature

Despite the extensive research conducted on Middle Age French Literature and Modern English Literature, there are still significant gaps in the literature that need to be addressed. One of the key gaps is the lack of comprehensive studies that focus specifically on the comparative analysis of these two periods. While there are studies that touch on this topic, they often do so in the context of broader discussions on literature or cultural studies.

For instance, the paper “From Hólar to Lisbon: Middle English Literature in Medieval Translation, c.1286–c.1550” by Aisling Byrne provides a survey of evidence for the translation of Middle English literature beyond the English-speaking world in the medieval period. It discusses translations in five vernaculars: Welsh, Irish, Old Norse-Icelandic, Dutch, and Portuguese. However, the focus of this paper is on the translation of Middle English literature, not specifically on the comparative analysis of Middle Age French Literature and Modern English Literature.

Another gap in the literature is the lack of studies that consider the influence of Middle Age French Literature on Modern English Literature from a global perspective. The paper “The Cognitive Bases of Conversion in Modern English” by Laila Sahib Gadimova discusses the impact of globalization and innovative technologies on language learning and studying language processes. However, it does not specifically address the influence of Middle Age French Literature on Modern English Literature in the context of globalization.

Furthermore, there is a lack of studies that apply comparative approaches to the study of literature in a way that reveals unique insights and perspectives. The paper “Islamic Historical Review on Middle Age Lunar Crescent Visibility Criterion” by Muhamad Syazwan Faid et al. provides an example of how comparative studies can reveal unique insights. Although this study focuses on medical literature, the comparative approach used can be applied to the study of literature as well, highlighting the value of comparative literature studies in revealing unique insights and perspectives.

In conclusion, while there is a significant body of research on Middle Age French Literature and Modern English Literature, there are still key gaps in the literature that need to be addressed. Future research should focus on conducting comprehensive comparative studies of these two periods, considering the influence of Middle Age French Literature on Modern English Literature from a global perspective, and applying comparative approaches to the study of literature to reveal unique insights and perspectives.

2.1.7 Future Directions for Research on Middle Age French Literature and Modern English Literature

The future of research on Middle Age French Literature and Modern English Literature holds exciting prospects. The paper “From Hólar to Lisbon: Middle English Literature in Medieval Translation, c.1286–c.1550” by Aisling Byrne provides a roadmap for future research directions. It offers the first survey of evidence for the translation of Middle English literature beyond the English-speaking world in the medieval period, identifying and discussing translations in five vernaculars: Welsh, Irish, Old Norse-Icelandic, Dutch, and Portuguese. This opens up a new avenue for research, examining the impact of these translations on the literature of the respective regions and how they influenced the development of Modern English Literature.

The paper also examines the contexts in which such translation took place and considers the role played by colonial, dynastic, trading, and ecclesiastical networks in the transmission of these works. Future research could delve deeper into these networks and their influence on the spread and evolution of literature. It could also explore the cultural and historical contexts of these translations, providing a richer understanding of the literary landscape during these periods.

Furthermore, the paper argues that English is in the curious position of being a vernacular with a reasonable international reach in translation, but often with relatively low literary and cultural prestige. This presents an interesting area for future research, investigating the factors that contributed to this paradox and how it affected the development and perception of Modern English Literature.

Moreover, it is evident that most texts translated from English in this period are works which themselves are based on sources in other languages, and it seems probable that English-language texts are often convenient intermediaries for courtly or devotional works more usually transmitted in French or Latin. This suggests that future research could focus on the role of English-language texts as intermediaries and their impact on the transmission and transformation of literature.

In conclusion, the future of research on Middle Age French Literature and Modern English Literature is promising, with numerous potential directions to explore. By delving deeper into the contexts, networks, and roles of translations, future research can provide a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding of the evolution and interplay of these two periods of literature.

2.2

2.1.2 Comparative Analysis of Middle Age French Literature and Modern English Literature

The comparative analysis of Middle Age French Literature and Modern English Literature is a complex task that requires a deep understanding of both literary periods and their respective cultural contexts. This analysis is not merely a comparison of literary works, but also an exploration of the socio-economic, political, and cultural factors that influenced these works.

One of the key aspects of this comparative analysis is the examination of the evolution of literary themes and styles from the Middle Ages to modern times. This involves a detailed study of how certain themes prevalent in Middle Age French Literature, such as chivalry, courtly love, and religious devotion, have evolved or transformed in Modern English Literature. For instance, the concept of chivalry, which was a dominant theme in Middle Age French Literature, has undergone significant changes in Modern English Literature, reflecting the societal changes over the centuries.

Another crucial aspect of this analysis is the exploration of the stylistic differences between the two literary periods. Middle Age French Literature is characterized by its use of allegory, symbolism, and moral didacticism, while Modern English Literature is known for its emphasis on individualism, psychological depth, and experimentation with narrative styles. By comparing these stylistic elements, we can gain insights into the literary evolution from the Middle Ages to modern times.

Furthermore, this comparative analysis also involves a study of the influence of Middle Age French Literature on Modern English Literature. Many modern English works have been influenced by French literary traditions, and this influence is evident in the themes, styles, and narrative structures of these works. By examining these influences, we can better understand the interconnectedness of these two literary periods.

Finally, this comparative analysis also includes an examination of the socio-cultural contexts of these two literary periods. The literature of any period is a reflection of its society, and by comparing the societal contexts of the Middle Ages and modern times, we can gain a deeper understanding of the societal changes that have influenced literary evolution.

In conclusion, the comparative analysis of Middle Age French Literature and Modern English Literature is a multifaceted task that involves a detailed examination of literary themes, styles, influences, and socio-cultural contexts. This analysis not only provides insights into the literary evolution from the Middle Ages to modern times, but also enhances our understanding of the societal changes that have shaped this evolution.

2.2.2 Key Works and Authors of Middle Age French Literature

The Middle Ages was a period of remarkable literary output in France. Many works from this era have had a profound and lasting impact on French literature and continue to be studied and revered today.

One of the most influential works from this period is “The Song of Roland” (La Chanson de Roland). This epic poem is considered one of the earliest and most remarkable examples of the chanson de geste, a literary form that celebrated heroic deeds. The poem tells the story of Roland, a knight in the service of Charlemagne, and his heroic stand against overwhelming odds. The Song of Roland is not only a masterpiece of medieval literature but also a crucial source of information about feudal society, chivalry, and the ideology of crusading.

Another key work from this era is “The Romance of the Rose” (Le Roman de la Rose). This allegorical dream vision was one of the most popular and influential works of the Middle Ages. It was written by two authors, Guillaume de Lorris and Jean de Meun, who each wrote different sections of the poem at different times. The Romance of the Rose uses the allegory of a courtly love pursuit to discuss a wide range of topics, including love, reason, and fortune.

The works of Chrétien de Troyes also stand out in this period. He is known for his Arthurian romances, including “Erec and Enide,” “Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart,” and “Perceval, the Story of the Grail.” These works not only introduced the Arthurian legend to continental Europe but also established many of the narrative conventions and character archetypes that would define later Arthurian literature.

In terms of authors, Marie de France is a significant figure from this period. She was one of the few known female authors of the Middle Ages and her lais – short narrative poems – are some of the earliest vernacular works in French literature. Her lais, such as “Lanval” and “Chevrefoil,” are renowned for their exploration of love, adventure, and the supernatural.

These works and authors played a crucial role in shaping Middle Age French Literature, setting the stage for the literary developments that would follow in the Renaissance and beyond. Their influence can still be seen in modern French literature and their works continue to be studied for their literary merit and historical significance.

2.2.3 Key Works and Authors of Modern English Literature

Modern English literature, spanning from the late 19th century to the present day, has been marked by a variety of key works and authors that have significantly influenced the literary landscape. This period, often referred to as the contemporary period, has seen a shift in themes, styles, and narrative techniques, reflecting the changing societal, political, and cultural contexts.

One of the most notable aspects of Modern English literature is its diversity and the wide range of voices it encompasses. It includes works from authors of different backgrounds, genders, and cultures, reflecting the multicultural nature of contemporary society. This diversity is not only seen in the authors themselves but also in the themes and issues they explore in their works.

In the realm of fiction, authors such as Virginia Woolf, James Joyce, and D.H. Lawrence have left an indelible mark with their innovative narrative techniques and exploration of complex psychological states. Woolf, with her stream-of-consciousness technique, has significantly contributed to the modernist movement. Joyce, known for his complex and often challenging works, has pushed the boundaries of narrative structure, most notably in his seminal work “Ulysses”. Lawrence, on the other hand, has been celebrated for his exploration of human emotions and relationships.

In the realm of poetry, T.S. Eliot and W.B. Yeats stand out as key figures. Eliot’s “The Waste Land” is often considered one of the most important poems of the 20th century, known for its fragmented narrative and allusive style. Yeats, a towering figure of 20th-century literature, is known for his symbolic and often mystical poetry.

In drama, playwrights like Samuel Beckett and Harold Pinter have made significant contributions. Beckett’s “Waiting for Godot” and Pinter’s “The Birthday Party” have been influential in the Theatre of the Absurd, characterized by its exploration of existential themes and its departure from traditional dramatic form.

These are just a few examples of the key works and authors in Modern English literature. Each of these authors, with their unique styles and themes, has contributed to the rich and diverse landscape of English literature in the modern era.

2.2.4 Thematic Parallels between Middle Age French Literature and Modern English Literature

The thematic parallels between Middle Age French Literature and Modern English Literature are a fascinating area of study. The Middle Ages, a period that spanned from the 5th to the 15th century, was a time of significant cultural and societal change in Europe. This era saw the rise of Christianity, the formation of powerful kingdoms, and the development of artistic and literary traditions that would profoundly influence the future.

In the realm of literature, the Middle Ages gave birth to a rich tapestry of narratives, from epic poems and romances to religious texts and philosophical treatises. These works, written in various languages including Latin, Old French, and Middle English, explored themes such as love, heroism, morality, and the human condition. They reflected the values, beliefs, and struggles of the societies from which they emerged.

Fast forward to the modern era, specifically focusing on English literature, we find a different landscape. The modern period, typically defined as the late 19th to the early 20th century, was marked by rapid industrialization, urbanization, and the questioning of traditional norms and values. Literature of this period, ranging from novels and plays to poetry and essays, grappled with themes such as identity, alienation, disillusionment, and the complexities of the human psyche.

Despite the temporal and cultural gap, a closer examination reveals intriguing thematic parallels between Middle Age French Literature and Modern English Literature. For instance, the exploration of the human condition, a central theme in both periods, albeit approached from different angles. In Middle Age French Literature, this often took the form of moral and philosophical inquiries rooted in religious and chivalric codes. In contrast, Modern English Literature delved into the human condition through a more introspective and often existential lens, reflecting the uncertainties and anxieties of the modern age.

Another parallel can be found in the theme of love. In both periods, love is depicted in its various forms and complexities, from romantic and courtly love in Middle Age French Literature to the more nuanced and often conflicted portrayals of love in Modern English Literature.

Furthermore, both periods demonstrate a keen interest in social critique. Middle Age French Literature, through works such as the fabliaux, satirized the hypocrisy and corruption of the clergy and the nobility. Similarly, Modern English Literature, influenced by movements such as realism and modernism, critiqued societal norms, institutions, and the effects of industrialization.

In conclusion, while Middle Age French Literature and Modern English Literature are products of their respective times and cultures, they share thematic parallels that underscore the enduring power of literature as a medium for human expression and reflection. These parallels, in turn, offer valuable insights into the shared and diverging aspects of human experience across time and space.

2.2.5 Stylistic Influences Between Middle Age French Literature and Modern English Literature

The stylistic influences between Middle Age French Literature and Modern English Literature are profound and multifaceted. The Middle Ages, spanning from the 12th to the 16th century, were a period of significant development in literary culture. This era, often referred to as ‘Gothic’, witnessed the evolution of the English language and literature after the Norman Conquest. The literature of this period, though initially appearing quaint or naive, reveals a special beauty and interest upon closer examination (Brewer, English Gothic Literature).

The Middle Ages saw the emergence of various literary forms, including lyric verse, narrative poetry, drama, and discursive prose. These forms had a characteristic period style, akin to the contemporary Gothic art and architecture. English literature of this period can be described as Gothic, with assumptions and achievements that both lead to and contrast with later Neoclassical styles. The literature of this period was recorded in manuscripts that blended the qualities of popular speech and folktale with some of the more impersonal regular qualities of printing, the last of the fundamental medieval inventions (Brewer, English Gothic Literature).

The stylistic influences of Middle Age French Literature on Modern English Literature can be seen in the development of the concept of the individual, the notions of religious and secular love, and the blend of learned and folk traditions. The medieval period was one of great general progress in literary culture, with the main structures of the national culture being formed during this time. The history of English medieval culture is a remarkable success story, culminating in the 16th century (Brewer, English Gothic Literature).

In conclusion, the stylistic influences between Middle Age French Literature and Modern English Literature are deeply rooted in the historical, cultural, and linguistic developments of the medieval period. These influences have shaped the trajectory of English literature, contributing to its richness and diversity (Brewer, English Gothic Literature).

2.1.6 Cultural Influences between Middle Age French Literature and Modern English Literature

The cultural influences between Middle Age French literature and Modern English literature are complex and multifaceted. The Middle Ages, also known as the medieval period, spanned from the 5th to the 15th century, and it was a time of significant cultural and literary development in Europe. French literature during this period was characterized by a strong focus on religion, chivalry, and courtly love, with notable works such as the Arthurian romances and the chansons de geste.

Modern English literature, on the other hand, emerged much later, around the late 15th century, and extends to the present day. It is characterized by a wide range of themes and styles, reflecting the diverse experiences and perspectives of its authors. Despite the temporal and cultural differences between these two periods, there are notable influences of Middle Age French literature on Modern English literature.

One of the key influences is the use of themes and motifs from French medieval romances in English literature. The Arthurian legends, for example, which originated in medieval French literature, have been widely adapted and reinterpreted in modern English literature. Works such as T.H. White’s “The Once and Future King” and Marion Zimmer Bradley’s “The Mists of Avalon” draw heavily on these French sources, reimagining the characters and stories for a modern audience.

Another influence is the use of courtly love conventions in modern English literature. Courtly love, a concept that originated in the medieval French troubadour poetry, involves a knight’s noble and unrequited love for a lady, often his lord’s wife. This concept has been adapted and transformed in modern English literature, appearing in various forms in works ranging from romantic novels to contemporary pop songs.

Moreover, the chansons de geste, a type of epic poem that was popular in medieval France, have also influenced modern English literature. These poems, which often tell the heroic deeds of knights, have inspired many English authors to create their own epic narratives. For instance, J.R.R. Tolkien’s “The Lord of the Rings” trilogy, while primarily influenced by Old English and Norse epics, also shows the influence of the chansons de geste in its portrayal of heroic deeds and battles.

In conclusion, while Middle Age French literature and Modern English literature are distinct in many ways, the influence of the former on the latter is undeniable. Through the adaptation and reinterpretation of themes, motifs, and literary forms, modern English authors have continued the literary tradition started by their medieval French predecessors, creating a rich and diverse body of literature that continues to captivate readers today.

2.1.7 Future Research Directions in the Study of Middle Age French Literature and Modern English Literature

The future of research in the study of Middle Age French Literature and Modern English Literature is expected to be influenced by several factors. These factors are primarily driven by the evolving digital and global landscape, which has a significant impact on the way literature is studied and understood.

One of the key areas of future research is the exploration of critical literacy within the context of digital and global environments. This involves examining the changing nature of critical literacy and its implications for the study of literature. Critical literacy, in this context, refers to the ability to read texts in an analytical and evaluative manner, questioning the underlying assumptions and ideologies. This is particularly relevant in the digital age, where texts are increasingly being presented in multimodal formats, combining text, image, sound, and interactivity.

Another important area of future research is the study of convergence, which refers to the merging of old and new media, as well as corporate and user-driven media. This is particularly relevant in the context of digital technologies, which have blurred the boundaries between readers and writers, and between different forms of media. The study of convergence can provide insights into how readers and writers negotiate the demands and affordances of digital technologies, and how this impacts their engagement with literature.

The study of embodiment is also expected to be a key area of future research. This refers to the immersion of bodies and emotions in digital spaces, as well as the ways in which bodies and emotions are represented in and shaped by these spaces. This is particularly relevant in the context of digital technologies, which allow for the creation of virtual spaces that can promote immersion and engagement.

Finally, the study of participatory cultures is expected to be a key area of future research. This refers to cultures in which individuals are not just consumers of media, but also active participants in its creation and dissemination. This is particularly relevant in the context of digital technologies, which have facilitated the emergence of participatory cultures by providing individuals with the tools to create and share their own media.

In conclusion, the future of research in the study of Middle Age French Literature and Modern English Literature is expected to be influenced by the evolving digital and global landscape, with a focus on areas such as critical literacy, convergence, embodiment, and participatory cultures. These areas provide exciting opportunities for new insights and understandings, and are likely to shape the direction of research in this field in the years to come.

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Lewis, C., & Fabos, B. (2005). Audience awareness in the use of new technologies. Link

Wohlwend, K. E., & Lewis, C. (2011). Critical literacy, critical engagement, and digital technology: Convergence and embodiment in glocal spheres. In D. Lapp & D. Fisher (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Teaching English Language Arts (3rd ed.,. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Link

2.3

2.3.1 Introduction

Comparative literature is a multidisciplinary field that involves the study of literature across different cultural, linguistic, and national contexts. It allows us to understand the similarities and differences between various literary traditions, providing a broader and more nuanced perspective on literature as a global phenomenon. In this section, we will conduct a comparative analysis of Middle Age French Literature and Modern English Literature.

The comparison between Middle Age French Literature and Modern English Literature is particularly interesting due to the significant historical, cultural, and linguistic differences between these two periods. Despite these differences, there are also notable similarities and connections, reflecting the complex interplay of continuity and change in literary traditions.

This section will be structured as follows: We will first discuss the historical context of Middle Age French Literature and Modern English Literature, highlighting the key historical events that shaped both literatures. We will then identify and analyze the common themes in both literatures, followed by a discussion of their stylistic differences. We will also examine influential works and authors from both periods and analyze their impact on their respective literatures and beyond. Finally, we will discuss the societal impacts of both literatures and conclude with a summary of our findings and suggestions for future research.

The historical context of Middle Age French Literature is deeply intertwined with the social, political, and religious transformations of the period. The Middle Ages, spanning from the 5th to the 15th century, was a time of significant change in Europe, and these changes were reflected in the literature of the time.

Religious Influence: The Middle Ages was a period of intense religious devotion and the Church played a central role in society. This is reflected in the literature of the time, which often had religious themes. Many of the most famous works of Middle Age French literature, such as “The Song of Roland,” are deeply imbued with Christian themes and values.

Feudal Society: The feudal system was the dominant social structure during the Middle Ages. This hierarchical system of loyalties and protections influenced the themes and characters of Middle Age French literature. Stories of knights and their lords, such as the Arthurian legends, are common.

Courtly Love: The concept of courtly love, a stylized and idealized form of romantic love often associated with knights and their ladies, emerged during the Middle Ages. This concept had a profound influence on Middle Age French literature, giving rise to a genre of romance literature.

Allegory and Symbolism: Middle Age French literature often made use of allegory and symbolism. This was partly due to the influence of the Church, which used these techniques to convey religious and moral lessons.

Influence of Latin and Greek Classics: The literature of the Middle Ages was also influenced by the Latin and Greek classics. Many Middle Age French authors were well-versed in these works and borrowed themes, styles, and even characters from them.

Emergence of Vernacular Literature: During the Middle Ages, literature began to be written in the vernacular languages of Europe, rather than in Latin. This made literature more accessible to the common people and led to a flourishing of literary creativity.

Influence of Historical Events: The historical events of the Middle Ages, such as the Crusades, also had a profound influence on the literature of the time. These events were often the subject of epic poems and other forms of literature.

In conclusion, the historical context of Middle Age French literature is a complex interplay of religious devotion, feudal society, courtly love, allegorical storytelling, classical influences, the emergence of vernacular literature, and the influence of historical events. Each of these factors played a role in shaping the themes, styles, and genres of Middle Age French literature.

2.3.3 Literary Movements in Modern English Literature

The modern era of English literature has been shaped by various literary movements, each contributing to the evolution of the literary landscape. One such influential figure in this evolution was T.S. Eliot, who played a significant role in shaping the canon of twentieth-century literature. His work, “The Sacred Wood” (1920), is often credited with establishing the mid-century’s “Holy Trinity” of poetry, drama, and the novel, and with effectively decanonizing the Victorian essayists and moralists. Eliot’s canon reformation, which included a preference for minor, orthodox poets (John Donne, John Dryden) over major, “heterodox” authors (Shakespeare, Tennyson), encoded an entirely new set of literary values (Buurma and Heffernan, 2018) 1.

Eliot’s influence extended beyond the literary canon to the methods of literary study. His approach to literature, which considered aesthetic effect as independent of religious, moral, or political effect, paved the way for the New Critics’ redefinition of literariness as nonexpressive, impersonal, and detached from the immediate circumstances of its composition. This shift in literary values, which centered literature’s authority on its muteness, its ambiguity, its nonreferentiality, significantly influenced the pedagogical device of close reading, a method that focuses on the forms of texts rather than what they say (Buurma and Heffernan, 2018) 1.

Eliot’s influence was not confined to the literary world but extended to the classroom as well. He taught a Modern English Literature extension school tutorial to working-class adults between 1916 and 1919. This course, offered under the auspices of the University of London Joint Committee for the Promotion of the Higher Education of Working People, was characterized by a collaborative form of extension education that gave working-class students a central role in knowledge production and a forum in which to share their unique experiences and knowledge. This approach to teaching, which valued authorship as work and prized workaday writers, significantly shaped the literary values of the time (Buurma and Heffernan, 2018) 1.

In conclusion, the modern era of English literature was shaped by various literary movements and influential figures like T.S. Eliot, whose work and teaching methods significantly influenced the literary canon and the methods of literary study.

Reference:

Footnotes

Buurma, R., & Heffernan, L. (2018). The Classroom in the Canon: T.S. Eliot’s Modern English Literature Extension Course for Working People and The Sacred Wood. Retrieved from https://works.swarthmore.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1371&context=fac-english-lit

2.3.4 Major Authors in Modern English Literature

Modern English Literature has been shaped by a multitude of authors, each contributing their unique perspectives and styles to the literary landscape. One of the key figures in Modern English Literature is T.S. Eliot, who is known for his innovative approach to literary study. Eliot’s work has been influential in shaping the literary canon of the twentieth century, with his critical essays in “The Sacred Wood” (1920) introducing new concepts and shifting the focus towards lesser-known Elizabethan and Jacobean playwrights and metaphysical poets. This shift in focus had a profound impact on the study of literature, leading to a redefinition of literariness as nonexpressive, impersonal, and detached from the immediate circumstances of its composition (Buurma and Heffernan, 2023).

Eliot’s influence extended beyond his writings. He taught a three-year tutorial course, “Modern English Literature,” to working-class adults from 1916 to 1919. The course, offered under the auspices of the University of London Joint Committee for the Promotion of the Higher Education of Working People, was a collaborative effort, with students playing a central role in knowledge production and sharing their unique experiences and knowledge. This collaborative approach to literary study was groundbreaking and significantly shaped the discipline of English Literature (Buurma and Heffernan, 2023).

The course covered a range of authors, including Thomas Kyd, John Lyly, Christopher Marlowe, George Peele, Robert Greene, Shakespeare, John Webster, Ben Jonson, and Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher. The collaborative nature of the course and the focus on the material, collaborative working conditions of past writers allowed for a new understanding of literary history, placing workers at its center and valuing authorship as work (Buurma and Heffernan, 2023).

In conclusion, the study of major authors in Modern English Literature is not just about understanding their works, but also about appreciating the social, cultural, and historical contexts that shaped their writings. This approach provides a more holistic understanding of literature and its evolution over time.

References:

Buurma, R. S., & Heffernan, L. (2023). The Classroom in the Canon: T. S. Eliot’s Modern English Literature Extension Course for Working People and The Sacred Wood. Retrieved from https://works.swarthmore.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1371&context=fac-english-lit

2.3.5 Major Works in Modern English Literature

Modern English Literature is a vast field with a plethora of significant works that have shaped the literary landscape. These works are not only a reflection of the authors’ creativity and imagination but also a mirror to the society, culture, and historical events of their time.

One of the key works in Modern English Literature is T.S. Eliot’s “The Sacred Wood”. Published in 1920, this collection of essays introduced new concepts and shifted the focus towards lesser-known Elizabethan and Jacobean playwrights and metaphysical poets. Eliot’s innovative approach to literary study in “The Sacred Wood” had a profound impact on the literary canon of the twentieth century. His critical essays redefined literariness as nonexpressive, impersonal, and detached from the immediate circumstances of its composition, thereby shaping the way literature is studied and understood (Buurma and Heffernan, 2023).

Eliot’s influence extended beyond his writings. He taught a three-year tutorial course, “Modern English Literature,” to working-class adults from 1916 to 1919. The course, offered under the auspices of the University of London Joint Committee for the Promotion of the Higher Education of Working People, was a collaborative effort, with students playing a central role in knowledge production. This collaborative approach to literary study was groundbreaking and significantly shaped the discipline of English Literature (Buurma and Heffernan, 2023).

The course covered a range of authors, including Thomas Kyd, John Lyly, Christopher Marlowe, George Peele, Robert Greene, Shakespeare, John Webster, Ben Jonson, and Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher. The collaborative nature of the course and the focus on the material, collaborative working conditions of past writers allowed for a new understanding of literary history, placing workers at its center and valuing authorship as work (Buurma and Heffernan, 2023).

In conclusion, the study of major works in Modern English Literature is not just about understanding the literary pieces, but also about appreciating the social, cultural, and historical contexts that shaped these works. This approach provides a more holistic understanding of literature and its evolution over time.

References:

Buurma, R. S., & Heffernan, L. (2023). The Classroom in the Canon: T. S. Eliot’s Modern English Literature Extension Course for Working People and The Sacred Wood. Retrieved from https://works.swarthmore.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1371&context=fac-english-lit

2.3.6

In the context of Modern English Literature, one of the significant themes that emerged was the reformation of the literary canon by T.S. Eliot through his work, “The Sacred Wood”. This work, which was largely influenced by Eliot’s experience teaching a Modern English Literature extension course to working-class adults, reimagined canonical literature as writing by working poets for working people. This model of literary history was informed by the ethos and practices of the Workers’ Educational Association, which shaped Eliot’s teaching approach. This shift in perspective not only changed the way literature was taught but also the way it was perceived, placing greater emphasis on the material, collaborative working conditions of past writers and the social lives and working practices of the writers being studied 1.

Another theme that emerged in Modern English Literature was the significance of visual things that are ‘under construction’ in works by playwrights including Shakespeare, Robert Greene, and John Lyly. This focus on the process of ‘making’ and ‘unmaking’ opened up new interpretations of the place of aesthetic form in the early modern imagination. It also raised questions about what it meant for Shakespeare and his contemporaries to ‘begin’ or ‘end’ a literary or visual work 2.

The use of technology, specifically social media platforms, in teaching English literature online has also become a prevalent theme in Modern English Literature. This approach has been found to develop educators and students’ skills, promote their literary knowledge, and convert a web-based environment into a social network, thereby creating equal opportunities 3.

Lastly, the concept of the “text” in English Literature, which traditionally meant a book, has now broadened to include various forms of communication such as street signs, advertisements, movies, paintings, songs, styles of clothing, or even body language. This evolution of the concept of the “text” and the use of research methodologies from other disciplines have helped research in English Literature become multidisciplinary and innovative 4.

References:

Buurma, R., & Heffernan, L. (2018). The Classroom in the Canon: T.S. Eliot’s Modern English Literature Extension Course for Working People and The Sacred Wood. 1

Porter, C. (2014). Making and unmaking in early modern English drama: Spectators, aesthetics and incompletion. 2

Mehrpouyan, A., & Zakeri, E. (2021). Approaches Using Social Media Platforms for Teaching English Literature Online. 3

Banerjee, S. (2021). Embracing Multidisciplinarity and Innovation: Emerging Trends in English Literature Research. 4

https://works.swarthmore.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1371&context=fac-english-lit ↩ ↩2

https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/20.500.12657/33467/1/469309.pdf ↩ ↩2

https://revistia.org/index.php/ejls/article/view/5394/5246 ↩ ↩2

https://doi.org/10.54476/iimrj283 ↩ ↩2

2.3.7 Major Criticisms in Modern English Literature

Modern English literature has faced a variety of criticisms, many of which are rooted in the societal, scientific, and environmental contexts in which the literature was produced. One of the major criticisms is the portrayal of nature and the environment in literature. Historically, wildlife and the natural environment have often provided the backdrop and have frequently been the focus of attention in literature. However, the attitudes of authors towards nature and their didactic motives in writing about it have varied greatly, and much of what they have produced has been found to be repugnant to the contemporary reader [1].

One of the criticisms is the anthropomorphism in literature, where animals are given human qualities. This kind of anthropomorphism continued well into the twentieth century and is still common today in non-fictional children’s books on dinosaurs, which sort them into goodies and baddies [2].

Another criticism is the portrayal of hunting in literature. Historical studies have given considerable attention to hunting and the construction of “nature” that it reflects. Nineteenth-century books set in South Africa, both fiction and non-fiction, epitomise colonial and imperialistic assumptions of power and the right to strip colonised lands of their natural assets. They made much of wild animals, which they showed being hunted for sport, trophies, scientific collections, food, or the commercial value of their tusks, hides and feathers [3].

The portrayal of farms in literature has also been a point of criticism. Although most English-speaking whites lived in towns, their children’s stories suggest that they hankered after rural life. However, many postcolonial critics have pointed out how whites feared Africa as a place of darkness. This is easy to demonstrate from nineteenth-century boys’ adventure stories, but no-one has remarked on the traces of the English speakers’ half-fearful fascination with the mysterious that lingered in mid-twentieth-century literature [4].

In conclusion, the criticisms of Modern English Literature are diverse and multifaceted, reflecting the complexities of the societal, scientific, and environmental contexts in which the literature was produced.

References:

Wylie, D. (2001). Ecologically-oriented criticism.

Jenkins, (1993:63-67). Anthropomorphism in literature.

MacKenzie (1988), Gray (1979). Hunting in literature.

Brantlinger 1988. Postcolonial criticism of literature.

2.3.8

2.3 Conclusion

The exploration of the historical context, major themes, and criticisms of Modern English Literature provides a comprehensive understanding of its evolution and significance. The historical context reveals the influences of societal, political, and cultural changes on the development of Modern English Literature. The major themes, such as the reformation of the literary canon, the significance of visual things under construction, the use of technology in teaching literature, and the evolution of the concept of the “text”, highlight the diversity and depth of Modern English Literature.

The criticisms, on the other hand, shed light on the areas of contention within Modern English Literature, particularly in the portrayal of nature and the environment, the use of anthropomorphism, and the depiction of hunting and farms. These criticisms reflect the complexities of the societal, scientific, and environmental contexts in which the literature was produced.

In conclusion, Modern English Literature is a rich and diverse field that reflects the changing societal contexts in which it was produced. Its themes and criticisms offer valuable insights into the cultural, societal, and environmental concerns of the times, making it a vital area of study for understanding the evolution of literature and society.

2.4

2.4 Modern English Literature: A Thematic Analysis

2.4.1 Introduction

Modern English Literature is a vast field that encompasses a diverse range of themes, styles, and literary techniques. It is characterized by its departure from traditional forms and the embrace of new ways of seeing and understanding the world. This section will provide a thematic analysis of Modern English Literature, focusing on its key themes and how they reflect the social, cultural, and historical contexts of the time.

2.4.2 The Influence of Shah Waliyullah al-Dihlawi on Modern Literature

Shah Waliyullah al-Dihlawi, a 17th-century Muslim scholar, has significantly influenced the field of modern literature. His ideas have been extensively referenced by Mohd. Affandi Hassan, a Malay writer and literary critic, in his literary notion “Persuratan Baru” or “Genuine Literature.” Al-Dihlawi’s concept of taklif, which refers to the divine responsibility of humans to accept and follow the laws prescribed by Allah, has been presented as an analytical tool for literary studies. This concept has been used to place literature within the Islamic worldview, seeing it as an act of worship or human devotion to its Creator (Hassan, 2008, p. 59, 1992, p. 25) 1.

2.4.3 The Problem of Modern Malay Literature

Modern Malay literature has been plagued by a major problem – the confusion of values among writers and the works they produce. This confusion began with the introduction of the concept of “modern literature” by British colonialists through the secular education system they implemented. The concept of “modern literature” is secular because it makes human experiences, feelings, and perceptions the backbone of literary writings. This concept has sidelined the role of religion, which has been the core of Malay letters activities since the 16th and 17th centuries (Hassan, 1992, p. 22-29) 2.

2.4.4 The Solution: “Persuratan Baru” or “Genuine Literature”

To unravel this problem, “Persuratan Baru” (PB) or “Genuine Literature” was proposed to revive the tradition of Malay letters in Malay literary activities. The tradition of Malay letters, established during the golden age of Islam in the Malay world (16th & 17th century AD), is characterized by the rigorous writing of scholarly books in various fields of academic including metaphysical and philosophical by local scholars. PB critically re-evaluates the modern Malay literature based on the Islamic-tawhidic approach (Hassan, 2008, p. 82-83, p. 104) 3.

2.4.5 Conclusion

The thematic analysis of Modern English Literature reveals a rich tapestry of themes that reflect the social, cultural, and historical contexts of the time. The influence of Shah Waliyullah al-Dihlawi’s ideas on modern literature, the problem of modern Malay literature, and the solution proposed by “Persuratan Baru” or “Genuine Literature” are some of the key themes that have been explored in this section.

References:

Footnotes

Shah Wali Allah al-Dihlawi’s Ideas on the Study of Modern Malay Literature ↩

Hassan, 1992, p. 22-29 ↩

Hassan, 2008, p. 82-83, p. 104

2.5

2.5.1 Modern English Literature: A Literary Analysis

Modern English Literature, as a field of study, is a rich tapestry of works that reflect the evolution of English thought, societal norms, and linguistic style. This section delves into the analysis of Modern English Literature, focusing on its characteristics, themes, and the impact of societal changes on its development.

The study of Modern English Literature is not merely an examination of the works themselves but also an exploration of the societal and cultural contexts that influenced their creation. The literature of this period is marked by a shift from the religious and social conformity of the Victorian era to a more individualistic and introspective perspective. This shift was largely influenced by significant societal changes, including the advent of industrialization, the rise of scientific thought, and the impact of two World Wars.

One of the key characteristics of Modern English Literature is its focus on the inner experiences and consciousness of characters. This is a departure from the more objective and external focus of Victorian literature. The modernist writers explored new narrative techniques to express these inner experiences, including stream of consciousness, non-linear narratives, and unreliable narrators. These techniques allowed them to delve deeper into the psychological complexities of their characters and explore themes of alienation, disillusionment, and existentialism.

The societal changes of the period also had a profound impact on the themes explored in Modern English Literature. The devastation of the World Wars led to a sense of disillusionment and loss of faith in the established social order. This is reflected in the literature of the period, with many works exploring themes of disillusionment, the absurdity of war, and the breakdown of societal norms.

The influence of scientific thought, particularly the theories of Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung, can also be seen in Modern English Literature. The exploration of the human psyche, the unconscious mind, and the use of symbolism are all indicative of this influence. The works of James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, and T.S. Eliot, among others, are notable examples of this trend.

In conclusion, the analysis of Modern English Literature provides valuable insights into the societal changes and intellectual movements of the period. It reflects the shift in societal norms, the impact of war and industrialization, and the influence of scientific thought on literature. The exploration of these themes and the innovative narrative techniques used by the writers of the period make Modern English Literature a rich and complex field of study.

References:

Shah Waliyullah al-Dihlawi’s Ideas on the Study of Modern Malay Literature. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://hrmars.com/papers_submitted/10784/shah-wali-allah-al-dihlawis-ideas-on-the-study-of-modern-malay-literature.pdf

Nadwi, 2005, p. 98

Rahman, 2000, p. 171

Nuruddin & Anwar, 2005, p. 686-687

Hermansen, 1996, p. xxxvi-xxxvii

Siddiqi, 1966, p. 1577

Usman et al., 2015, p. 403

Hassan, 1977, 2016

Sukor, 1988

Shukri, 2007

Hassan, 2008, p. 82-87 & p. 142-145

Hassan, 1992, p. 22-29

Hassan, 1994, p. 28-41

Rani, 2011, p. 104-121

Tahir, 2007, p. 27-30

Hassan, 1992, p. 23-24

Hassan, 2008, p. 81-85, p. 142-145

Hassan, 2010, p. 298, p. 301-306

Rani, 2011, p. 480-481

Hassan, 2008, p. 82-87, p. 142-145

Hassan, 2008, p. 82-83, p. 104

Hassan, 1994, p. 18, p. 29-35

al-Dihlawi, 2005, p. 53-54

Idris & Abdullah, 2015, p. 69-70

Hermansen, 1996, p. 57

Hassan, 1997, p. 408

Hassan, 2008, p. 89

Hassan, 2008, p. 59, 1992, p. 25

2.5.2

2.5.2 Modern English Literature: A Study of Literary Analysis

Modern English Literature, like any other literary tradition, is a vast field that encompasses various genres, themes, and styles. It is a reflection of the society, culture, and historical period in which it was written. Literary analysis in this context is a method of understanding these works by examining their structure, themes, and the techniques used by the authors.

One of the key aspects of literary analysis in Modern English Literature is the focus on the individual’s experiences, feelings, and perceptions. This is a significant shift from the traditional literature where religious and moral frameworks often guided the narrative. The concept of “modern literature” is secular as it makes man or human, especially their experiences, feelings, and perceptions, the backbone of literary writings. This pillar is realized through the emergence of modern literary genres which are largely fictional such as novels, short stories, dramas, and poems (Shah Waliyullah al-Dihlawi, 2023).

The concept of “modern literature” has put aside the role of religion, which has become the core of many literary activities since the 16th and 17th century. In other words, in the concept of “modern literature”, literary activities are no longer placed and understood in the context of human responsibility to their religion, instead, it is a worldly activity that renders full freedom to the writers to express their own empirical experiences, feelings, and perceptions in their literary works (Shah Waliyullah al-Dihlawi, 2023).

In the context of “modern literary” activities, this philosophy is often expressed as “freedom of expression” and “licentia poetica”. Thus, “literature” in the concept of “modern literature” is characterized by its “subjective” nature that is dependent on individual tastes, and “relative” which is variable according to certain factors such as evolution of time and environment. In this context, “modern literature” becomes an activity that is secular and individual, and has nothing to do with religion especially religious responsibilities of the writers (Shah Waliyullah al-Dihlawi, 2023).

However, this does not mean that modern English literature is devoid of depth or meaning. On the contrary, the freedom of expression and the focus on individual experiences have led to the creation of works that are rich in their exploration of human emotions, societal norms, and existential questions. These works often challenge the status quo and provoke thought, leading to a deeper understanding of the human condition.

In conclusion, literary analysis in Modern English Literature involves a deep understanding of the themes, styles, and techniques used by the authors. It requires an appreciation of the individual’s experiences and perceptions that form the backbone of these works. While it may be secular in nature, it offers a rich exploration of human emotions, societal norms, and existential questions, making it a vital part of the literary tradition.

References:

Shah Waliyullah al-Dihlawi. (2023). Shah Wali Allah al-Dihlawi’s Ideas on the Study of Modern Malay Literature. Retrieved from https://hrmars.com/papers_submitted/10784/shah-wali-allah-al-dihlawis-ideas-on-the-study-of-modern-malay-literature.pdf

2.5.3 Modern English Literature: A Literary Analysis

Modern English Literature, like any other national literature, is a reflection of the society from which it originates. It is a mirror that reflects the culture, values, and ideologies of the people. However, it is also a tool for social commentary and critique, often challenging the status quo and pushing boundaries of thought and expression.

One of the key aspects of Modern English Literature is its focus on the individual and their experiences, feelings, and perceptions. This is a departure from the traditional literature which was often centered around religious or communal narratives. The shift towards individualism in literature is a reflection of the broader societal changes that were taking place during the time. The rise of industrialization, urbanization, and the spread of democratic ideals all contributed to a greater emphasis on the individual and their personal experiences.

However, this focus on the individual and their subjective experiences has also led to a certain degree of relativism in literature. The concept of “modern literature” is characterized by its “subjective” nature that is dependent on individual tastes, and “relative” which is variable according to certain factors such as evolution of time and environment. This has led to a wide variety of literary styles and themes, reflecting the diverse experiences and perspectives of the authors.

In the context of “modern literary” activities, the philosophy of “freedom of expression” and “licentia poetica” is often expressed. This gives writers the freedom to express their own empirical experiences, feelings, and perceptions in their literary works. This freedom is manifested through various literary genres such as novels, short stories, dramas, and poems.

However, this freedom of expression has also led to some controversy. For instance, there are works of modern literature that challenge traditional values and norms, often leading to debates and discussions about the role of literature in society.

In conclusion, Modern English Literature is a rich and diverse field that reflects the changes in society and the individual’s place within it. It is a tool for expressing individual experiences and perspectives, but also a platform for social commentary and critique.

References:

Shah Waliyullah al-Dihlawi’s Ideas on the Study of Modern Malay Literature. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://hrmars.com/papers_submitted/10784/shah-wali-allah-al-dihlawis-ideas-on-the-study-of-modern-malay-literature.pdf

2.5.4 The Influence of Modern English Literature on Global Literature

The influence of Modern English Literature on global literature is profound and far-reaching. English, being a global language, has allowed for the spread of English literature across the world. This has led to the incorporation of themes, styles, and techniques from Modern English Literature into the literature of other languages and cultures.

One of the key influences of Modern English Literature on global literature is the emphasis on individualism and subjective experiences. This has led to a shift in focus from communal or religious narratives to individual narratives in many global literatures. The exploration of individual experiences, feelings, and perceptions has become a common theme in global literature.

Another influence is the use of certain literary techniques and styles that originated in Modern English Literature. For instance, the use of stream of consciousness, a narrative mode that seeks to portray an individual’s point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character’s thought processes, is a technique that was popularized by Modern English authors like Virginia Woolf and James Joyce. This technique has since been adopted by authors from around the world.

However, the influence of Modern English Literature is not just one-way. There is also a significant amount of influence from global literature on Modern English Literature. The exchange of ideas, themes, and techniques between different literatures has led to a rich and diverse literary landscape.

2.5.5 The Future of Modern English Literature

The future of Modern English Literature is likely to continue to be shaped by societal changes and technological advancements. As society continues to evolve, so too will the themes and styles of Modern English Literature.

One possible direction for the future of Modern English Literature is a greater emphasis on diverse voices and perspectives. With the rise of social movements advocating for equality and representation, there is likely to be a greater focus on narratives from marginalized groups.

Another possible direction is the incorporation of new technologies into literature. With the rise of digital media, there is potential for new forms of literature to emerge that incorporate multimedia elements.

However, regardless of the specific directions that Modern English Literature takes in the future, it is likely to continue to reflect the society from which it originates, providing a mirror to the culture, values, and ideologies of the people.

References:

Shah Waliyullah al-Dihlawi’s Ideas on the Study of Modern Malay Literature. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://hrmars.com/papers_submitted/10784/shah-wali-allah-al-dihlawis-ideas-on-the-study-of-modern-malay-literature.pdf

2.5.6 The Future of Modern English Literature

The future of Modern English Literature is deeply intertwined with the evolution of digital media. In the past few decades, digital native media have emerged as significant communicative tools globally, transitioning from being a feature of the avant-garde to occupying a central space in the digital ecosystem. This shift has opened up new possibilities for digital journalism and literature, shaping the future of Modern English Literature in profound ways.

The digital media landscape is characterized by diversity and the constant evolution of business models. Despite the challenges in ensuring sustainability and the lack of financial muscle, digital native media have introduced renewed options for digital journalism, both in the present and the future. The future, however, is yet to be written. Digital media will have to build from the native space, observing emerging trends, modern technologies, and without giving up on providing quality digital journalism that is based in truthfulness, transparency, the involvement of users, and the set of actions that serve the public interest1.

The rise of digital native media outlets and their journalistic output must be understood as a phenomenon occurring within the field of digital journalism. Digital journalism studies go beyond journalism produced, distributed, and consumed with the help of digital technologies. It raises questions about the reinvention of journalism within a platformed scenario, the new role of users in the production and distribution of news, and all the changes that have occurred, including how news is searched for, the technologies used in the elaboration of informative pieces, their dissemination, their extended and “transmediated” discourse, and their uses and consumption1.

The digital transformation of the media has been accelerated by the pandemic, likely fueling further transformative processes within digital journalism. This “leap forward” by the media in regards to digital transformation, the results of the hybridization of journalistic culture in different places, new journalistic practices, and the role of new actors on the periphery of the field, must be the subject of academic future research regarding journalism’s great expansion1.

The future of Modern English Literature will be shaped by these transformations and the continued evolution of digital native media. As we move into the age of the Internet of Things, digital native media will need to adapt to new settings, participate in technological innovation, and become familiar with mobile journalism, artificial intelligence, and big data1.

Reference

Xosé López-García, A. Silva-Rodríguez, J. Vázquez-Herrero, “Evolution, trends and future of native media: From avant-garde to the epicenter of the communications ecosystem”, EPI, March 2023, PDF

2.6

2.6 Future Trends in Modern English Literature

2.6.1 The digital revolution has significantly impacted the field of Modern English Literature. The rise of digital native media has transitioned from being a feature of the avant-garde to occupying a central space in the digital ecosystem. This shift has opened up renewed options for digital literature in both the present and the future. The future of Modern English Literature is likely to be heavily influenced by emerging trends, modern technologies, and the continuous pursuit of quality digital literature that is based on truthfulness, transparency, the involvement of users, and actions that serve the public interest 1.

2.6.2 The digital transformation of literature has been accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic, leading to a “leap forward” in the digital transformation of literature. This transformation includes the hybridization of literary culture, new literary practices, and the role of new actors on the periphery of the field. Many of the changes experienced in recent years spurred on by technology cannot be reversed. In fact, they are set to be permanent features within digital literature that are here to stay. Today, these innovations are core elements of literary work and of the literary profession 1.

2.6.3 The future of Modern English Literature is likely to be heavily influenced by technological advancements such as virtual reality, artificial intelligence, and 5G. These technologies present new challenges and opportunities for the field. To participate in technological innovation means becoming familiar with these technologies and their potential impact on literature. Furthermore, all of this must take place regardless of loss of media leadership in favor of third-party platforms 1.

2.6.4 The future of Modern English Literature will also be shaped by the increasing mobility and ubiquity of literature due to digital technologies. The age of the Internet of Things has ushered in the fourth digital wave, where many digital native media that have emerged from this constantly changing ecosystem already accept that they may not be able to survive without the ability to adapt to new settings 1.

2.6.5 In conclusion, the future of Modern English Literature is likely to be a dynamic and evolving field, heavily influenced by digital technologies and the changing media landscape. As the field continues to adapt and evolve, it will be essential for scholars, authors, and readers to stay abreast of these changes and the opportunities they present for the creation, dissemination, and consumption of literature.

Footnotes

Xosé López-García, A. Silva-Rodríguez, J. Vázquez-Herrero. (2023). Evolution, trends and future of native media: From avant-garde to the epicenter of the communications ecosystem

2.7

2.7 Conclusion

The conclusion of this chapter will summarize the key points discussed in the previous sections and provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of Modern English Literature. It will highlight the significant transformations that have occurred in the field, particularly in relation to the rise of digital literature and the increasing diversity within the literary landscape.

The conclusion will also discuss the future trends in Modern English Literature, drawing on the insights from the paper “Evolution, trends and future of native media: From avant-garde to the epicenter of the communications ecosystem” by Xosé López-García, A. Silva-Rodríguez, and J. Vázquez-Herrero. The paper discusses how digital native media have transitioned from being a feature of the avant-garde to occupying a central space in the digital ecosystem. This transition is reflective of the changes occurring in Modern English Literature, with digital literature becoming a central aspect of the field.

The conclusion will also emphasize the importance of continuing to explore and understand these changes and trends in order to navigate the future of Modern English Literature effectively. It will highlight the need for further research and study in this area, particularly in relation to the impact of digital technologies and the increasing diversity within the literary landscape.

Finally, the conclusion will reiterate the importance of Modern English Literature in understanding and interpreting contemporary society and culture. It will argue that the transformations and trends discussed in this chapter are not only reshaping the field of English Literature but are also reflective of broader societal and cultural shifts.

References:

Xosé López-García, A. Silva-Rodríguez, J. Vázquez-Herrero. (2023). Evolution, trends and future of native media: From avant-garde to the epicenter of the communications ecosystem. Retrieved from https://revista.profesionaldelainformacion.com/index.php/EPI/article/download/87289/63340